Monday, April 29, 2013

What Is The Purpose Of An X-Ray?



This is an example of a Fluoroscopy X-ray
The X-ray is a very useful tool today in modern society as it is used over one million times every day.  This uses electromagnetic energy beams which cannot be seen by the naked eye and presents internal tissues on a sheet of paper called a radiograph for a physician to examine. A radiograph is defined as the image produced when an X-ray passes through the body. X-rays are commonly used on humans for problems they face in their lives such as a broken bone or cancer. An X-ray will reveal what humans cannot see face to face as it reveals your bones and internal body parts. An X-ray will find things such as a tumor in your lungs or bones of the thorax. Without this critical invention, doctors would not be able identify if one has a sickness. A Fluoroscopy is a type of X-ray which is used to show the movement of organs such as the intestines as well as to study blood vessels of the heart and brain. Radiotherapy is the x-ray used to treat cancer. The X-ray beams are usually pointed towards the tumor so that very little damage is done to the rest of the body through radiation. The x-ray damages the DNA to kill the cancer cells or it prevents the cells from multiplying. A Computed Tomography also uses x-rays and this is what shows the skeletal system of your body. Physicians will look at the CT scan and examine whether there is a damaged part of the bone in your body. Another type of X-ray is used when you go to the Dentist. X-rays show internal damages to the tooth such as cavities, tooth decay, teeth growing through the gums, cysts, and to see the roots of one's teeth in order to determine if surgery is needed. X-rays are also used in airports to look for hidden items under peoples clothing. One last X-ray we will talk about is a cryptogram. This is to observe the bladder and kidney and it makes sure the both are functioning smoothly. Those are the main purposes of an X-Ray.

Explanation Of How An X-Ray Works


X-ray scans are a type of biotechnology which use X-rays, as the name suggests, to see inside the body to locate fractures or breaks in bones and cancer.  X-rays are a type of electromagnetic wave that has a very short wavelength of about 1 millimetre, and only gamma rays fall before X-rays on the electromagnetic spectrum.

**X-rays were discovered in 1895 by a German physicist named Rontgen**
This is a portrait of Rontgen

            Rontgen discovered that X-rays can be produced by firing a beam of electrons at a heavy target such as tungsten.  Since then, the practical uses for X-rays in the medical society have become very apparent.  By firing X-ray particles through the body and recording the images on a computer, we can look inside our body to locate things such as broken bones or swallowed objects.  The way this works is as follows:  The X-rays penetrate through your body and will illuminate certain things.  The muscle and fat tissue in your body is not very dense and will show up as grey.  The air in your body will simply be black.  Your bones, however, are very dense and will register as white on the scan.  Any foreign objects made of metal will also register white on the scan.  These images are recorded by having a photographic plate on the opposite side so that the particles will fall onto it and be recorded on a computer. 
An example of an X-ray radiograph is shown to the left. By examining the radiograph it can be seen how an X-ray works. As described earlier, the X-rays penetrated the hand shown in the scan and the muscle tissue shows up as a light grey colour. Then the rays came into contact with dense bones and show up as a bright white colour on the scan. Now that the X-ray has penetrated the hand and shows the inner makeup of the hand it can be analyzed. By analyzing this hand it can be seen that there is a fracture or break on the wrist of the patient. This is proven because on the radiograph the bone is seen to be broken and splintered into two parts.
X-rays are extremely useful for a couple of reasons.  They do not require large computers, complex machines and intensive preparation.  They simply require a machine to produce the X-rays, a sheet made of heavy materials to protect the parts of the body not being X-rayed, and a photographic plate to catch the particles.  This simplicity makes taking X-rays a quick and painless procedure that is inexpensive and reliable.  Another factor that makes X-rays such an excellent piece of technology is their ability to easily highlight any issues in a patient in a clear manner.  They do so by the stark contrast that appears on an X-ray photograph, since any break or fracture is highlighted by the fact that it is white against a black or dark grey background of muscle or fat. So unlike MRI’s or CT scans that have so many colours and images that require expert analysis, and X-ray can very effectively show any issues in a very easy to understand way.  

Learn About How X-Rays Are Created

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSVz1Fl5xHI


         This video helps illustrate how an X-ray works. It shows the different parts of an X-ray machine and how each of the different components work together to create an X-ray. It also describes the process in which an X-ray is created.

Analyzing An X-Ray


          This is an example of a radiograph from an X-ray of a nine year old boy. This radiograph helps show how X-rays can be used to diagnose a problem. At first glance there is no evident problem with the bones or muscle tissues themselves. The organs can also be seen but not in great detail as they are a greyish colour behind the white coloured bones. Similarly to bones, metal is also very dense and X-rays cannot pass through them. Therefore if there is metal in the body it will show up on the radiograph. In this case, there is a large coin or some sort of round metal in the esophagus of the nine year old boy. This is proven as there is a round circle in the esophagus that is coloured white as the X-rays were unable to pass through it. If a doctor were to observe this radiograph they would be able to easily locate the problem and find solutions to it.

Ethical Issues Of X-rays


This is an X-ray of a patient who could get cancer
            X-rays are the most commonly used medical imaging because they are quick and painless. Besides the perks and benefits of using X-rays to examine the inner workings of a person or object, there are also many ethical issues. Being the most used form of medical imaging, X-rays would be thought to be completely safe because of all the people being exposed to it. This is incorrect because there are many possible risk factors when using X-rays. The biggest threat is radiation because X-rays use high energy radiation to penetrate materials which in turn create an image that can be viewed. The high levels of radiation are dangerous because if overexposure occurs, mutations can develop in the DNA and cells. With the creation of these mutations there is a possibility that they may become cancerous and create tumours. For example, when taking an X-ray to create a radiograph to examine problems in the cardiovascular or respiratory system, the X-ray must be used on the majority of the body. By doing this, there is a risk that parts of the body that are not protected against the radiation may be affected. Scientists and doctors try to counteract this potential radiation exposure by covering their targets with a protective lead apron because the X-rays cannot pass through lead. But the ethical issue remains, is it efficient to test patients trying to locate any irregularities within themselves with a technique that could ultimately give them cancer? Another issue that is ravaging patients who use X-rays as their form of medical imaging is inaccurate diagnosis. Inaccurate diagnosis occurs when a doctor examines a radiograph incorrectly and diagnoses the patient with false conditions. This can lead to a patient having to be a part of potentially dangerous tests which are unnecessary and could cause more harm. For example, a doctor could take an X-ray but read the radiograph wrong and believe that the patient has cancer. This would result in the inaccurate diagnosis of the patient and the possibility that the patient may undergo treatments such as Chemotherapy for a condition that they do not have. This is an ethical issue because is it truly safe to presume that the X-ray is always right or that the radiograph is observed properly? In conclusion, despite the few ethical issues and problems that may occur with X-rays, there are considerably more benefits to using X-rays. Therefore, the use of X-rays should be continued as they have helped save millions of lives and diagnose billions of people. The future of X-rays can be easily expanded and could result in unimaginable benefits.
This is a patient who has undergone Chemotherapy

References


Coin. (2008). [Photograph]. Retrieved from


Dhaw, M. (Director). (2013). X-Ray Definition- See How X-Rays Work Video- About.com_mpeg4 [Film Clip]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSVz1Fl5xHI


Gofman, J. (2002). Making Personal Decisions about X-ray Screening Tests, Such as Mammography and CT of the Lung, Colon, Heart, or the Entire Body. Retrieved from http://www.ratical.org/radiation/CNR/XHP/MPDaXrayST.html



MedlinePlus. (2013). X-Ray. Retrieved from 


Norris, T. (2010). Chest x ray. Retrieved from


Peace Health. (2011-2013). Cystogram. Retrieved from



St. Michaels. (2013). Medical Imaging. Retrieved from  http://www.stmichaelshospital.com/programs/imaging/xray/index.php